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CAM Disputes Team

The CAM Disputes team can be reached at cam.mumbai@cyrilshroff.com

BNSS and the pre-cognizance imperative: Procedural safeguard u/s 223 applies even to PMLA Complaints

Summary: The proviso to Section 223(1) of the BNSS, 2023, stipulates that a Magistrate shall not take cognizance of an offence without first affording the accused an opportunity to be heard. By its judgement in Kushal Kumar Agarwal v. Directorate of Enforcement[1] (“Kushal Kumar”),the Hon’ble Supreme Court has clarified that this safeguard under the BNSS shall also apply to complaints filed under Section 44(1)(b) of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (“PMLA”), after July 1, 2024, viz. the date BNSS came into force. The ratio from Kushal Kumar has since been followed inter alia by the High Courts of Delhi and Kerala. These judgements reinforce a significant procedural safeguard for accused persons even under the stringent PMLA, while highlighting a marked departure from the regime under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (“CrPC”). An associated issue is whether cognizance on a supplementary complaint under the PMLA, filed after July 1, 2024, will also be bound by the safeguard of Section 223(1) of the BNSS, if cognizance on the main complaint was taken prior to July 1, 2024.

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Trump’s Tariffs on Pharmaceutical Industry: What Indian Companies Should Know

Summary: The U.S. has imposed 100% tariffs on branded and patented drug imports effective October 1, 2025. Although generic drugs remain exempt from these tariffs, the announcement marks a drastic change for pharmaceutical trade which has remained unrestricted for a long time. For Indian pharmaceutical companies supplying nearly half of all generic medicines consumed in the U.S., this development requires them to reassess their market strategies, compliance frameworks, and long-term supply chain planning to navigate an increasingly complex geopolitical environment.

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Summary: The United States has recently imposed an additional 25% ad valorem tariff on Indian imports, raising the total tariff to 50%. Positioned as a “penalty” for India’s continued trade in Russian oil, this measure marks a shift from purely reciprocal trade action to an instrument of foreign policy enforcement. In this article, we discuss the key features of the new order, its commercial and compliance implications for Indian exporters, and the steps businesses can take to manage legal and operational risks in light of these developments.

Continue Reading U.S. Doubles Down: Tariffs on Indian Imports Surge from 25% to 50%
U.S. Tariff and Sanctions Actions Target Indian Trade: Key Considerations for Businesses

On July 30, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump announced that the United States would impose a 25 per cent tariff on all goods imported from India. This announcement was first made via a social media post[1] and triggered widespread concern among Indian exporters and multinational stakeholders with supply chain links to India. On July 31, 2025 it was formalised by an executive order[2] which imposed varying ‘reciprocal tariffs” on a range of goods from 69 countries and European Union, including India. For countries not listed, a default rate of 10 per cent will apply. This order will be effective on August 7, 2025.

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Introduction

The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 (“FCRA/Act”), is an important piece of legislation that Parliament has enacted to prohibit acceptance and utilisation of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality for activities detrimental to national interest.

Continue Reading Navigating the Evolving FCRA Landscape: Enhanced Responsibility of Chartered Accountants
Chinese Goods, India Exports: Substantial transformation or risky transshipment?

There is increasing uncertainty surrounding the legal and commercial aspects of trade, against the backdrop of the United States imposing new tariffs. This evolving landscape of international trade exposes Indian exporters to heightened scrutiny under the US customs regulations, specifically those concerning transshipment of goods and adherence to the US Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) rules of origin (“Rules of Origin”).

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The Global Reckoning: How Copyright Lawsuits Are Defining AI’s Legal Boundaries

Introduction

Several authors of copyrighted books have filed class action lawsuits against major tech market players, alleging systematic copyright infringement. The allegations stem from tech companies’ unauthorised use of copyrighted content to develop large language models (“LLMs”), which provide these tech companies a competitive edge in the Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) market.

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U.S. Spotlight on Pharma Imports: What does this mean for Indian Pharma?

The U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security (“BIS”), on April 14, 2025, announced the initiation of an investigation into the imports of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical ingredients as well as semiconductors and semiconductor manufacturing equipment in the context of U.S. national security. This move could affect India’s USD 10 billion annual pharmaceutical exports to the U.S.

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FCPA, FCA and the Trump Effect: What Indian companies need to know

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and the False Claims Act (“FCA”) are two pivotal legislations of the United States (“U.S.”) that significantly influence the operations of multinational corporations, including Indian entities. The most notable recent cases against Indian companies are: (i) the allegations on the Adani Group for orchestrating a bribery scheme thereby violating the FCA; and (ii) investigation of Azure Power Global on the allegations of improper payments and misrepresentation of the company’s anti-bribery practices to gain U.S. financing in violation of the FCPA.

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